In the UK, a stillbirth is defined as: a baby who dies before birth after 24 completed weeks of pregnancy.

In 2022, there were 2,680 stillbirths at a rate of 4.0 stillbirths per 1,000 total births for the whole of the UK (source: ONS).

That means for the UK in 2021, there was 1 stillbirth for every 243 births. Find out more about how this data is collected.

Find out more about how the UK and Devolved Nations' stillbirth rates have changed over time.

In many other countries, stillbirth is defined a baby who dies before birth after 28 completed weeks of pregnancy, and this is the definition that the World Health Organisation uses. This is one of the challenges in comparing stillbirth rates between other countries and the UK.

In the UK, a neonatal death is defined as: the death of a baby within 28 days after they are born.

In 2022, there were 1,924 neonatal deaths at a rate of 2.9 deaths per 1,000 live births for the whole of the UK (source: ONS).

That means for the UK in 2022, there was approximately 1 neonatal death for every 350 births. Find out more about how this data is collected.

Find out more about how the UK and Devolved Nations' neonatal death rates have changed over time.

In the UK, a miscarriage is defined as: the death of a baby (or fetus or embryo) in the womb during pregnancy, up until 23 weeks and 6 days' gestation.

We estimate that that there may have been over 100,000 miscarriages in England in 2021, but there is a lot of uncertainty around these numbers (source: Sands and Tommy's Joint Policy Unit).

However, due to the lack of reporting of miscarriages, it is very likely that this underestimates the true number of miscarriages.

Find out more about how this number was estimated and the uncertainties involved.

Termination for Medical Reasons (TFMR), also referred to as TOPFA (Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Anomaly), are ways in which we refer to the medical interventions that result in a pregnancy being ended due to medical reasons.

In 2022, there were 3,644 pregnancies terminated for medical reasons in England, Wales and Scotland (sources: ONS, Public Health Scotland). 

TFMR is not recorded in the same way in Northern Ireland, which is why it's not possible to state an accurate figure for the whole of the UK.

SUDI (Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy), also referred to as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant where no cause is found after detailed post-mortem examination.

In the UK, an infant is defined as a person less than 1 year old. SUDI can occur in children between 1 and 2 years old, and this may be referred to as 'SUDC' (Sudden Unexpected Death in Childhood).

In 2022, there were 182 unexplained infant deaths in the whole of the UK, a rate of 0.25 deaths per 1,000 live births (source: Lullaby Trust).

That means for the UK in 2022, there was approximately 1 SUDI death for every 3,800 births.

The Lullaby Trust has more detailed information and statistics around SUDI.